![]() (A) The 3-D structure of HEL (CPK representation) together with three Abs (ribbon representation). Structure of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antigen. Only very small area of the antigens and antibody molecules actually interact through complementary binding sites, called epitopes in antigens and paratopes in antibody. Thus immune response in acquired immunity is due to the precise binding of antigens to antibody. There are many antibodies and each is specific for a particular type of antigen. Acquired immunity depends upon the interaction between antigens and a group of proteins called antibodies produced by B cells of the blood. Immunity developed as an individual is exposed to antigens is called adaptive or acquired immunity, in contrast to immunity developed at birth, which is innate immunity. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens, such as HIV, microbes, and helminth parasites. One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen-antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody. The antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of the antibody, situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain. The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody. There are several types of antibodies and antigens, and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen. It came to be known as "Goldberg's theory" (of antigen-antibody reaction). Goldberg at the University of Wisconsin in 1952. ![]() The first correct description of the antigen-antibody reaction was given by Richard J. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. ![]()
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